Helping you find answers.

Disseminated Hyper-infection happens when the body's immune system has been compromised and parasites begin multiplying rapidly, migrating into areas away from the skin, GI tract and lungs where they are usually found. Whether or not we choose to admit it, each person on this planet is hosting multiple parasites within their bodies, however many will probably never experience symptoms of Hyper-infection but a great number of people do and aren't able to find help within their medical community.

What are some of the symptoms of disseminated hyper-infection? These can vary depending on the parasites that are involved. Some of these are: 

• Non-healing skin rashes, sores or lesions that may or may not cause intense itching.
• Crawling and burrowing sensations on and under the skin, and scalp. These can intensify at night.
• Stinging and biting on and under skin.
• Scratch marks/lines and paper cuts on skin or fingers.
• Fibers, threads and/or filaments of various colors. Some may appear to be moving or swaying and can emerge from skin, scalp, nails, mouth, nostrils, eyes, ears, tongue, gums and anywhere else on the body.
• Particles of various textures, shapes and colors, including crystals that emerge from the same areas that filaments do.
• Insect body parts emerging from skin and scalp, as well as being found tangled in hair.
• Strands of hair that appear to be moving or swaying.
• Bands of fluorescing light within hair shafts.
• Hair loss.
• Very coarse and stiff hair on skin, especially in eyebrows.
• Visualizing and/or feeling movement under skin. 
• Pain in joints and/or general symptoms of Arthritis.
• Pain in Gall Bladder area.
• Fatty Liver Disease.
• Burning skin sensation.
• Pins and Needles sensation.
• Intense muscle cramps and twitching.
• Nail abnormalities.
• Tooth decay.
• Gluten sensitivity.
• Digestive issues.
• Hearing a clicking or tapping sound in ears.
• Hearing your "heart beating" in ears after eating. 
• A thumping or "baby-kicking" sensation in your stomach.
• Various non-specific ailments.
• Symptoms that seem to come and go or perhaps intensify every couple of weeks. 
• Fatigue.
• Difficulty concentrating.
• Short-term memory loss.
• Tests for parasites that yield negative results (many reasons why this happens).
• A diagnosis of Delusional Parasitosis.
• Lacking a sense of happiness and well-being.
• Alienation by Family and friends.
• Depressed or sad mood swings.
• Many other symptoms that aren't listed here.

Some species of worm larvae develop extremely quickly within their eggs and hatch while inside the host. In these cases, it is larval worms, not eggs, that will be shed into the environment via feces (for ex. the eggs of many species of lungworms commonly hatch prior to being expelled in feces). 

 How is a fecal float performed?   
The best stool samples to get are those that are fresh, collected within the last 30 minutes where possible and transported to the lab within 2 hours. Sometimes, it is necessary to collect multiple samples on different days as parasites don't lay eggs daily and only at certain times.   Attempting to perform a fecal float on a stool sample that is several days old is likely to be unhelpful because most of the eggs, worm larvae and protozoan oocysts will have altered in appearance to the point of being unrecognizable. Some worm eggs hatch within hours of defecation and, consequently, will not be visible in the fecal float, resulting in a false negative result.  
As a general rule, the best stool samples to perform a fecal flotation on are those that are as fresh and as recent as possible (i.e. straight out of the dog or cat). Ideally, feces should be tested within 30 minutes of leaving an animal. The reason we want an extra fresh stool sample is because the eggs of some parasites (e.g. parasite worms) hatch very rapidly, making these particular parasites impossible to diagnose on aged stool samples. A fresh sample makes these parasites easier to detect.  

 Human Worm Species That May Be Diagnosed on A Fecal Float Test
Typical 'roundworms': Ascaria lumbricoides.
Typical 'hookworms': Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator species.
'Tapeworms': Taenia saginata, Taenia solium, Dipylidium caninum.
Note - most Taenia and Dipylidium eggs exit the human host encased within a proglottid (tapeworm segment) and, consequently, free eggs will rarely be found in the person's faeces on a fecal float. Eggs that are released from their proglottids into the faeces early may be detected on a fecal float.
Hymenolepis (tapeworm): Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana.
Strongyloides: Strongyloides fuelleborne. 

  Human protozoan parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation:
Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidiosis): Cryptosporidium parvum Type 1 (C. hominis), Cryptosporidium parvum Type 2. A small parasite, it can be difficult to find and recognise on a fecal float.
Giardia (Giardiasis): Giardia lamblia.
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis): Balantidium coli (can be disease-causing).
Coccidia (coccidiosis): Sarcocystis hominis, Sarcocystis suihominis, Sarcocystis equicanis, Sarcocystis medusiformis (non-disease causing). 

  Dog and cat parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation.

 Dog and cat worm species that may be diagnosed on faecal egg flotation:
Typical 'roundworms': Toxocara canis (dog), Toxocara cati (cat), Toxascaris leonina (cats, dogs).
Typical 'hookworms': Ancylostoma caninum (dog), Ancylostoma braziliense (dogs, cats), Ancylostoma tubaeforme (cat), Uncinaria stenocephala (dogs, cats).
'Whipworms': Trichuris vulpis (dog, cat).
'Tapeworms': Taenia species (dog, cat), Dipylidium caninum (dogs, cats),Echinococcus granulosus (dog), Echinococcus multilocularis (dogs, cats).
Note - most Taenia and Dipylidium eggs exit the host animal encased within a proglottid (tapeworm segment) and, consequently, free eggs will rarely be found in the animal's faeces on a fecal float. Eggs that are released from their proglottids into the faeces early may be detected on a fecal flotation.
Capillaria (bronchial worms): Eucoleus aerophilus, also called Capillaria aerophilus (dogs, cats - only mildly pathogenic).
Capillaria (intestinal worms): Aonchotheca putorii, also called Capillaria putorii (dogs, cats - non pathogenic, but difficult to remove with drugs).
Spirocerca: Spirocerca lupi (dog).
Gnathostoma: Gnathostoma spinigerum (dogs, cats).
Baylisascaris: Baylisascaris procyonis (dog - dangerous zoonotic risk to man).
Physaloptera: (dogs, cats).
Hymenolepis: Hymenolepis diminuta (dog).
Spirometra: Spirometra erinacei (dog, cat).
Strongyloides: Strongyloides stercoralis (dog), Strongyloides felis (cat).
Filaroides: Filaroides hirthi larvae (dog) - these fecally-shed worm larvae are relatively 'immobile' and do not readily migrate away from the animal's faeces. They can sometimes be detected on fecal floatation, especially zinc sulfate fecal flotation. 

  Dog and cat protozoan parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation:
Toxoplasma (Toxoplasmosis): Toxoplasma gondii (definitive host is the cat - oocysts are only shed into the faeces for 1-2 weeks).
Neospora (Neosporosis): Neospora caninum (shed by dog definitive hosts).
Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidiosis): Cryptosporidium parvum, subtypes: C. felis (cat) and C. canis (dog) have been named. A small parasite, it can be difficult to find and recognise on a fecal flotation.
Giardia (Giardiasis): Giardia lamblia, also called Giardia duodenalis and Giardia intestinalis (dogs, cats).
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis): Balantidium coli (dog - usually non-pathogenic, but can be zoonotic).
Coccidia (coccidiosis): Isospora species (Isospora canis, Isospora neorivolta, Isospora burrowsi, Isospora ohioensis in the dog and Isospora felis, Isospora rivolta in the cat); Besnoitia (cat - non pathogenic); Hammondia hammondi (cat only - non pathogenic); Hammondia heydorni(dog only - non pathogenic); Sarcocystis species (S. cruzi, S. tenella, S. capracanis, S. bertrami, S. leporum, S. hemionilatrantis, S. miescheriana in the dog and S. hirsuta, S. arieticanis, S. gigantea, S. porcifelis, S. fayeri, S. muris in the cat). 

  Livestock parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation.

 Livestock worm species that may be diagnosed on faecal egg flotation:
Trichostrongylus: Trichostrongylus axei (sheep, horses, cattle, goats), Trichostrongylus species (poultry).
Teladorsagia: Teladorsagia species (sheep, goats).
Ostertagia: Ostertagia ostertagi (cattle).
Haemonchus: Haemonchus contortus (barber's pole worm - ruminant animals).
Mecistocirrus: Mecistocirrus species (ruminants, pigs).
Cooperia: Cooperia species (ruminant animals).
Nematodirus: Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus fillicollis (sheep).
Hyostrongylus: Hyostrongylus rubidis - (swine / pigs).
Strongylus: Strongylus vulgaris, Strongylus equinus, Strongylus edentatus(horses).
Triodontophorus: Triodontophorus tenuicollis (horse).
Oesophagodontus: Oesophagodontus species (horses).
Strongyloides: Strongyloides papillosus (ruminants), Strongyloides ransomi (pig), Strongyloides westeri (horses).
Oesophagostomum: Oesophagostomum columbianum (sheep), Oesophagostomum venulosum (sheep), Oesophagostomum radiatum(ruminants, especially cattle), Oesophagostomum dentatum (pigs), Oesophagostomum brevicaudum (pigs).
Chabertia: Chabertia ovina (ruminants - sheep, cows, goats).
Bunostomum (hookworms): Bunostomum (ruminants).
Globocephalus (hookworms): Globocephalus urosubulatus (pig).
Metastrongylus (lungworm): Metastrongylus species (pig).
Ascaris: Ascaris suum (pigs).
Ascaridia: Ascaridia galli (chicken, turkey, duck), Ascaridia species in parrots and pigeons.
Parascaris: Parascaris equorum (horse).
Heterakis: Heterakis gallinarum (turkey).
Toxocara: Toxocara vitulorum (cow).
Ascarops: Ascarops species (pigs).
Physocephalus: Physocephalus species (pig).
Habronema: Habronema species (horse).
Draschia: Draschia megastoma species (horse).
Gnathostoma: Gnathostoma species (pigs).
Trichuris (whipworm): Trichuris discolor (cow), Trichuris suis (pig).
Capillaria (intestinal forms): Aonchotheca putorii (swine - non pathogenic), Aonchotheca species (ruminant - non disease-causing), Capillaria species (poultry).
Fasciola (liver flukes): Fasciola hepatica (cow, sheep, goat, horse, other livestock). Trematode (fluke) eggs seldom float well in flotation media, however, Fasciola can occasionally be found using this test.
Paramphistomes (rumen flukes): Paramphistomum cervi (ruminants), Calicophoron calicophorum and Cotylophoron (flukes that lives in the rumen (stomach) of livestock animals). Trematode (fluke) eggs seldom float well in flotation media, however, the Paramphistome group of flukes can occasionally be found using this test.
Moniezia (tapeworm): Moniezia species (cows, sheep, goats).
Thysaniezia (tapeworm): Thysaniezia species (cows, sheep, goats).

  Livestock protozoan parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation:
Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidiosis): Cryptosporidium parvum Type 2 (cattle), Cryptosporidium andersoni (cows). A small parasite, it can be difficult to find and recognise on a fecal float.
Giardia (Giardiasis): Giardia lamblia, also called Giardia duodenalis and Giardia intestinalis (cattle, sheep, goats, llamas, others).
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis): Balantidium coli (pig - usually non-pathogenic, but can be zoonotic).
Coccidia (coccidiosis): Isospora suis in pigs and many Eimeria species (Eimeria bovis, Eimeria zuernii, Eimeria alabamensis, Eimeria auburnensisin cattle, Eimeria ovinoidalis in sheep, Eimeria species in goats, at least eight Eimeria species in pigs and Eimeria leuckarti in horses).  

 Wildlife parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation.

 Wildlife worm species that may be diagnosed on faecal egg flotation:
Hyostrongylus: Hyostrongylus kigeziensis (gorilla).
Decrusia: Decrusia species (elephant).
Equinurbia: Equinurbia species (elephant).
Choniangium: Choniangium species (elephants).
Macropicola: Macropicola species (marsupial macropods).
Hypodontus: Hypodontus species (marsupial macropods).
Codiostomum: Codiostomum species (ostriches).
Conoweberia: Conoweberia apiostomum, Conoweberia stephanostomum(primates).
Ternidens: Ternidens deminutus (primate animals).
Syngamus: Syngamus species (birds, especially rheas).
Placoconus (hookworm): Placoconus lotoris (raccoon).
Bunostomum (hookworms): Bunostomum species (wild ruminants).
Bathmostomum (hook worms): Bathmostomum species (elephants).
Grammocephalus (hook worm): Grammocephalus species (elephant, rhinoceros).
Strongyloides: Strongyloides fuelleborne (primates), Strongyloides cebus(primates), Strongyloides ratti (rodents) and Strongyloides venezuelensis(rats) and other Strongyloides species in elephants, marsupials, turtles etc.
Baylisascaris: Baylisascaris procyonis (raccoon), Baylisascaris columnaris(skunk), Baylisascaris laevis (woodchuck).
Gnathostoma: Gnathostoma spinigerum (dogs, cats and wild carnivores).
Streptopharagus: Streptopharagus species (primates).
Capillaria (respiratory sinus forms): Eucoleus bohmi, otherwise known as Capillaria bohmi (foxes).
Capillaria (intestinal form): Aonchotheca putorii (hedgehogs, raccoons, swine, bobcats, mustelids (stoats, weasels), bears).
Hymenolepis (tapeworm): Hymenolepis diminuta (rat, dog), Hymenolepis nana (rat).
Echinococcus (hydatid tapeworm): Echinococcus granulosis (coyote, wolf, dingo) and Echinococcus multilocularis (fox).

 Wildlife protozoan parasites that may be diagnosed on fecal flotation:
Cryptosporidium (Cryptosporidiosis): Cryptosporidium species (common in many wild animal species), Cryptosporidium wrairi (guinea pigs). A small parasite, it can be difficult to find and recognise on a fecal flotation.
Giardia (Giardiasis): Giardia lamblia, Giardia muris (mouse), Giardia ranae (frog).
Balantidium coli (Balantidiasis): Balantidium coli (gorilla - can be disease-causing, rat - usually non-pathogenic, but can be zoonotic).
Coccidia (coccidiosis): Eimeria species (common in many wild animal species), Hammondia heydorni (fox, coyote, wild dog - non pathogenic).

Limitations of fecal flotation - parasites it won't detect.

Not all parasites that affect our pets or livestock can be diagnosed using a fecal flotation test. Parasites that do not dwell in the gastrointestinal tract, biliary ducts or lungs (where the eggs may be coughed up and swallowed and appear in the faeces) will not be detected. Parasites whose eggs are too heavy to float (e.g. trematode eggs) or who exist solely as motile, swimming protozoans (i.e. do not produce a resistant, floatable cyst) or who reproduce by means of live larvae or quick-hatching eggs (live young, not floatable eggs) are also unlikely to be detected by fecal flotation. Parasites who exert their tissue-damaging effects whilst still in a larval or intermediate (juvenile) form will also fail to be diagnosed using this test because these parasites have not yet attained enough maturity to produce eggs or oocysts that will appear in the faeces. Tapeworms that shed whole segments into the faeces instead of individual eggs will also rarely be detected using this fecal flotation test (they are actually easier to diagnose, however, because the segments are large and visibly obvious). Fragile parasites that are easily destroyed by most fecal floatation mediums will also fail to be detected using this testing procedure.

The following lists provide examples of common parasites that can not be detected using simple fecal flotation principles and the reasons why they can not be detected.

The following lists provide examples of common parasites that can not be detected using simple fecal flotation principles and the reasons why they can not be detected.

Parasites that do not live in the intestinal tract, biliary tract or lungs:
Parasites that live in the bloodstream and do not shed eggs or oocysts into the faeces: Trypanosoma, Babesia, Anaplasma, Leishmania, Theileria, Cytauxzoon felis, Malaria (Plasmodium), Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, Hepatozoon canis.
Parasites that live in the kidneys and shed their eggs and oocysts into the urine, not the faeces: Klossiella equi (horse renal parasite), Klossiella muris (mouse kidney parasite), Schistosoma haematobium(human renal worm), Stephanurus dentatus (pig renal worm), Dioctophyme renale, Capillaria plica (also called Pearsonema plica), Trichosomoides (rat urinary parasite).
Parasites that live in the reproductive tract and do not shed eggs and oocysts into the faeces: Tritrichomonas foetus (cow protozoan parasite), Tritrichomonas vaginalis (human).
Other worm parasites that do not live in the gut, biliary tract or lung and which do not shed eggs or larvae into the faeces: Rhabditis (skin worm), Dracunculus (worm that lives under the skin of humans and carnivores), Thelazia (eye worm), Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), Setaria(worms that affect the eyes and serous membranes of horses and cattle), Onchocerca cervicalis (adult worms that live in the nuchal (neck) ligaments of horses), Parafilaria (worms that live in the skin and muscle), Dipetalonema reconditum (worms that live in the connective tissues of dogs), Capillaria hepaticum also called Calodium hepaticum (adult worm that lives in the liver and sheds eggs into the liver itself, not the biliary tract), Fascioloides magna (adult fluke is encased within cysts in the liver of atypical host animals - goats, sheep, cattle, certain deer species and llamas - and sheds eggs into the liver tissues, not the biliary tract).
Parasites that enter the rectum and secrete eggs onto the edges of the anus, not into the faeces: Oxyuris equi (equine pinworms), Enterobius (human and ape pinworms).

Parasites whose eggs are too heavy to float:
Most of the following parasites are more readily diagnosed by fecal sedimentation (sediment) tests, not by fecal floatation tests, because their eggs tend to sink in flotation media.
Most Trematode (fluke or flatworm) eggs: Schistosoma mansoni(humans), Schistosoma japonicum (humans), Schistosoma bovis (cattle, sheep), Schistosoma indicum (horses, cows, goats, buffalo), Schistosoma suis (swine, dogs), Schistosoma matheei (sheep), Heterobilharzia americana, Nanophyetus salmincola (a dog, cat and wild carnivore fluke which carries a dangerous Rickettsian organism that causes 'salmon poisoning' in pets), Paragonimus kellicotti (a lung fluke of cats and dogs and wild, fish-eating carnivores), Opisthorchis tenuicollis (dogs, cats, pigs, foxes and humans), Eurytrema procyonis (cats, raccoons), Platynosomum fastosum (cat), Alaria (dogs and cats), Fasciolopsis buski (pigs, man), Fascioloides magna (white-tailed deer, man), Paramphistomum cervi(ruminants), Calicophoron calicophorum and Cotylophoron (flukes that lives in the rumen (stomach) of livestock animals), Dicrocoelium dendriticum(sheep, cattle, pigs, deer, rabbits, woodchucks, man), Gastrodiscoides hominis (fluke of monkeys and apes and man), Megalodiscus (frogs), Fasciola gigantica (man), Clonorchis sinensis (man), Fasciola hepatica(cows, sheep, goats, humans). The latter, Fasciola hepatica (liver fluke), may sometimes be detected using sugar solution fecal flotation, however, the eggs tend to distort a bit and more reliable detection is achieved using sedimentation techniques.
Certain Cestode (tapeworm) eggs: Anoplocephala in horses,Diphyllobothrium latum, Spirometra mansonoides and Spirometra erinacei. Spirometra ('zipper worm') eggs can sometimes be detected on fecal flotation, however, the technique of choice for detecting the eggs of this tapeworm is faecal sedimentation.
Certain Acanthocephala (spiny-headed worms) eggs:Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus (pigs), Macracanthorhynchus ingens(raccoons), Prosthenorchis (monkeys).

Parasites who exist solely as fragile, motile, swimming protozoans (i.e. do not produce a resistant, floatable cyst):
Trichomonad organisms: Trichomonas, Tritrichomonas, Monocercomonas, Histomonas in turkeys (no cyst is produced, but this organism is shed in the turkey's faeces hidden inside the eggs of a turkey worm: Heterakis gallinarum).
Amoebic Entamoeba organisms: Entamoeba histolytica (usually non pathogenic in dogs and cats, but can cause severe disease in man), Entamoeba bovis (cattle) and Entamoeba ovis (sheep).

Parasites who reproduce by means of live larvae or quickly-hatching eggs:
There are certain parasitic worm species that give birth to live young or that produce eggs which hatch so rapidly, only live larvae are expelled in the animal's faeces. Although live larvae may occasionally be detected on fecal flotation, what usually happens is that the flotation solution warps them beyond recognition, making them impossible to identify using this means. Living larvae are generally easier to detect using a Baermann test.
Worms that give birth to live young: Ollulanus (cat), Trichinella spiralis(pig).
Worms whose eggs hatch prior to fecal expulsion (larvae shed into stools): Protostrongylus (lungworms of sheep and goats), Muellerius (lung worms of livestock), Crenosoma vulpis (lungworms of wolves, foxes, raccoons, dogs), Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (feline lung worms), Angiostrongylus vasorum (dog lung), Filaroides hirthi and Filaroides osleri(canine lung worms), Strongyloides species of dogs, cats and people (S. stercoralis), Dictyocaulus (lungworms of livestock).
Worms whose entire life cycle is within the one host - no eggs shed into faeces: Ollulanus (a worm that lives in the stomach of cats - adult worms produce live larval worms which attach to the stomach wall of the same cat host and grow to adulthood there), Trichinella (adult worms give birth to live larvae which migrate through the intestinal wall and encyst within the muscles of the same host).

Parasites who exert their tissue-damaging effects whilst still in a larval or juvenile (non-egg-producing) form:
There are hundreds of worm and protozoan species that exert their damaging effects on a host animal prior to reaching full, egg-producing maturity. Damage may occur when juvenile worms undergo their typical tissue-migratory phases (larval migrans) through their normal host animals; damage may occur when atypical hosts become infected with injurious worm larvae (which migrate and migrate, unable to complete their maturation into an adult stage in that host) and damage may also occur in the tissues of intermediate host animals when they become infected with juvenile-stage worm and protozoan organisms as part of the parasite's normal two-host, indirect life cycle. Such animals may become very ill as a result of this parasitism, however, diagnosis will not be achieved using fecal flotation techniques because the parasites are not yet mature.
Worms whose larvae exert damage during tissue migration:hookworms, roundworms (e.g. Toxocara, Toxascaris), horse Strongyle larvae in equine intestinal blood vessels, Baylisascaris (visceral and cutaneous larval migrans).
Worms whose larvae exert damage during tissue migration in atypical hosts: Baylisascaris (visceral and cutaneous larval migrans), hookworms (cutaneous larval migrans), Parelaphostrongylus (parasite whose larvae affect the brains of sheep, goats, cows, horses, llamas, camels, moose, caribou, reindeer and other deer types), Echinococcusspecies (hydatid tapeworm cysts in the organs and lungs of humans).
Parasites whose juvenile stages exert damage in intermediate hosts: Sarcocystis species (e.g. S. neurona in the brain of cats and horses,S. cruzi in the liver, brain, blood vessels and muscles of cattle, S. tenella in sheep), Toxoplasma gondii in humans and other intermediate hosts, Neospora caninum in the muscles of dogs and reproductive organs of cows, Echinococcus species (hydatid tapeworm cysts in the organs and lungs of livestock animals), Spirometra (larval tapeworms - 'spargana' - in the tissues of wild reptiles, amphibians and other wildlife).




 

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